References

1

Nicolas Legrand, Niia Nikolova, Camile Correa, Malthe Brændholt, Anna Stuckert, Nanna Kildahl, Melina Vejlø, Francesca Fardo, and Micah Allen. The heart rate discrimination task: a psychophysical method to estimate the accuracy and precision of interoceptive beliefs. Biological Psychology, 168:108239, 2022. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051121002325, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108239.

2

Alexander Dale and David Anderson. Information variables in voluntary control and classical conditioning of heart rate: field dependence and heart-rate perception. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 47(1):79–85, 1978. PMID: 704264. URL: https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1978.47.1.79, arXiv:https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1978.47.1.79, doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.1.79.

3

Rainer Schandry. Heart beat perception and emotional experience. Psychophysiology, 18(4):483–488, 1981. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x, arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x.

4

Nova Hart, John McGowan, Ludovico Minati, and Hugo D. Critchley. Emotional regulation and bodily sensation: interoceptive awareness is intact in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(4):506–518, 2013. PMID: 22928847. URL: https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2012_26_049, arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2012_26_049, doi:10.1521/pedi\_2012\_26\_049.

5

Leonid L. Kontsevich and Christopher W. Tyler. Bayesian adaptive estimation of psychometric slope and threshold. Vision Research, 39(16):2729–2737, 1999. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698998002855, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00285-5.

6

Tom N. Cornsweet. The staircase-method in psychophysics. The American Journal of Psychology, 75(3):485–491, 1962. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1419876 (visited on 2022-09-08).

7

Sarah N. Garfinkel, André Schulz, and Manos Tsakiris. Addressing the need for new interoceptive methods. Biological Psychology, 170:108322, 2022. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108322.

8

Jasper Brener and Christopher Ring. Towards a psychophysics of interoceptive processes: the measurement of heartbeat detection. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1708):20160015, 2016. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0015.

9

Sabine Windmann, Othmar W. Schonecke, Gerd Fröhlig, and Gabriele Maldener. Dissociating beliefs about heart rates and actual heart rates in patients with cardiac pacemakers. Psychophysiology, 36(3):339–342, 1999. doi:10.1017/S0048577299980381.

10

CHRISTOPHER RING and JASPER BRENER. Influence of beliefs about heart rate and actual heart rate on heartbeat counting. Psychophysiology, 33(5):541–546, 1996. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02430.x, arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02430.x, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02430.x.

11

Giorgia Zamariola, Pierre Maurage, Olivier Luminet, and Olivier Corneille. Interoceptive accuracy scores from the heartbeat counting task are problematic: evidence from simple bivariate correlations. Biological Psychology, 137:12–17, 2018. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051118303739, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.06.006.

12

Olivier Desmedt, Olivier Corneille, Olivier Luminet, Jennifer Murphy, Geoffrey Bird, and Pierre Maurage. Contribution of time estimation and knowledge to heartbeat counting task performance under original and adapted instructions. Biological Psychology, 154:107904, 2020. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051120300648, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107904.

13

Eszter Ferentzi, Oliver Wilhelm, and Ferenc Köteles. What counts when heartbeats are counted. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2022. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661322001668, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.07.009.

14

William E. Whitehead, Vincent M. Drescher, Peggy Heiman, and Barry Blackwell. Relation of heart rate control to heartbeat perception. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 2:371–392, 1977. doi:10.1007/BF00998623.

15

Sarah N. Garfinkel, Anil K. Seth, Adam B. Barrett, Keisuke Suzuki, and Hugo D. Critchley. Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biological Psychology, 104:65–74, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.11.004.

16

Jennifer Murphy. Interoception: where do we go from here? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2023. doi:10.1177/17470218231172725.

17

Jasper Brener, Xiaoping Liu, and Christopher Ring. A method of constant stimuli for examining heartbeat detection: comparison with the brener-kluvitse and whitehead methods. Psychophysiology, 30(6):657–665, 1993. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02091.x.

18

Micah Allen and Karl J. Friston. From cognitivism to autopoiesis: towards a computational framework for the embodied mind. Synthese, 195(6):2459–2482, 2018. doi:10.1007/s11229-016-1288-5.

19

Micah Allen and Manos Tsakiris. The body as first prior: interoceptive predictive processing and the primacy of self-models. In The Interoceptive Mind: From Homeostasis to Awareness. Oxford University Press, 2018. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0002.

20

Frederike H. Petzschner, Sarah N. Garfinkel, Martin P. Paulus, Christof Koch, and Sahib S. Khalsa. Computational models of interoception and body regulation. Trends in Neurosciences, 44(1):63–76, 2021. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.012.

21

Andrew P. Owens, Micah Allen, Sasha Ondobaka, and Karl J. Friston. Interoceptive inference: from computational neuroscience to clinic. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 90:174–183, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.017.

22

George Mandler and Michael Kahn. Discrimination of changes in heart rate: two unsuccessful attempts. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 3(1):21–25, 1960. doi:10.1901/jeab.1960.3-21.

23

Gary E. Jones and James G. Hollandsworth. Heart rate discrimination before and after exercise-induced augmented cardiac activity. Psychophysiology, 18(3):252–257, 1981. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03029.x.

24

Lyn Grigg and Roderick Ashton. Heart rate discrimination viewed as a perceptual process: a replication and extension. Psychophysiology, 19(1):13–20, 1982. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02591.x.

25

Stephen M. Fleming and Hakwan C. Lau. How to measure metacognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2014. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00443.

26

Robert Kubinec. Ordered beta regression: a parsimonious, well-fitting model for continuous data with lower and upper bounds. Political Analysis, 31(4):519–536, 2023. doi:10.1017/pan.2022.20.

27

Arthur S. Courtin, Jesper Fischer Ehmsen, Leah Banellis, Francesca Fardo, and Micah G. Allen. Hierarchical bayesian modeling of interoceptive psychophysics. Behavior Research Methods, 58(9):260, 2026. doi:10.3758/s13428-026-03137-3.